The Terror of the French Revolution - 1793-1794

The Terror of the French Revolution - 1793-1794 1793 January February 1: France proclaims war on Great Britain and the Dutch Republic. February 15: Monaco attached by France. February 21: Volunteer and Line regiments in the French armed force combined. February 24: Levã ©e of 300,000 men to shield the Republic. February 25-27: Riots in Paris over food. Walk March 7: France announces war on Spain. Walk 9: Representatives en strategic made: these are delegates who will venture out to the French offices to sort out the war exertion and subdue insubordination. Walk 10: The Revolutionary Tribunal is made to attempt those associated with traditionalist action. Walk 11: The Vendã ©e area of France revolts, mostly in response to the requests of the levee of Feb 24. Walk: Decree requesting French renegades caught with arms to be executed without advance. Walk 21: Revolutionary armed forces and boards of trustees made. Advisory group of Surveillance set up in Paris to screen outsiders. Walk 28: Émigrã ©s now thought about legitimately dead. April 5: French General Dumouriez deserts. April 6: Committee of Public Safety made. April 13: Marat stands preliminary. April 24: Marat is seen not as liable. April 29: The Federalist uprising in Marseilles. May 4: First Maximum on grain costs passed. May 20: Forced credit on the rich. May 31: Journee of May 31: the Paris segments rise requesting the Girondins be cleansed. June 2: Journee of June 2: Girodins cleansed from the Convention. June 7: Bordeaux and Caen ascend in the Federalist revolt. June 9: Saumur is caught by revolting Vendã ©ans. June 24: Constitution of 1793 decided on and passed. July 13: Marat killed by Charlotte Corday. July 17: Chalier executed by Federalists. Last primitive contribution expelled. July 26: Hoarding made a capital offense. July 27: Robespirre chose for the Committee of Public Safety. August 1: The Convention actualizes a seared earth strategy in the Vendã ©e. August 23: Decree of levee as once huge mob. August 25: Marseille is recovered. August 27: Toulon welcomes the British in; they possess the town two days after the fact. September 5: Prompted by the Journee of September 5 government by Terror starts. September 8: Battle of Hondschoote; first French military accomplishment of the year. September 11: Grain Maximum presented. September 17: Laws of Suspects passed, meaning of suspect enlarged. September 22: Start of Year II. September 29: General Maximum starts. October 3: The Girondins go to preliminary. October 5: The Revolutionary Calendar is embraced. October 10: Introduction of the Constitution of 1793 ended and Revolutionary Government pronounced by the Convention. October 16: Marie Antoinette executed. October 17: Battle of Cholet; the Vendã ©ans are vanquished. October 31: 20 driving Girondins are executed. November 10: Festival of Reason. November 22: All houses of worship shut in Paris. December 4: Law of Revolutionary Government/Law of 14 Frimaire passed, bringing together force in the Committee of Public Safety. December 12: Battle of Le Mans; the Vendã ©ans are vanquished. December 19: Toulon recovered by the French. December 23: Battle of Savenay; the Vendã ©ans are vanquished. 1794 January February 4: Slavery annulled. February 26: First Law of Ventã'se, spreading held onto property among poor people. Walk March 3: Second Law of Ventã'se, spreading held onto property among poor people. Walk 13: Hã ©rbertist/Cordelier group captured. Walk 24: Hã ©rbertists executed. Walk 27: Disbanding of the Parisian Revolutionary Army. Walk 29-30: Arrest of the Indulgents/Dantonists. April April5: Execution of the Dantonists. April-May: The intensity of the Sansculottes, Paris Commune and sectional social orders broken. May 7: Decree beginning the Cult of the Supreme Being. May 8: Provincial Revolutionary Tribunals shut, all presumes should now be attempted in Paris. June 8: Festival of the Supreme Being. June 10: Law of 22 Prairial: intended to make feelings simpler, beginning of the Great Terror. July 23: Wage limits presented in Paris. July 27: Journee of 9 Thermidor ousts Robespierre. July 28: Robespierre executed, a large number of his supporters are cleansed and tail him throughout the following hardly any days. August 1: Law of 22 Prairial revoked. August 10: Revolutionary Tribunal re-composed in order to cause less executions. August 24: The Law on Revolutionary Government redesigns the control of the republic away from the exceptionally incorporated structure of the Terror. August 31: Decree constraining the forces of the Paris cooperative. September 8: Nantes Federalists attempted. September 18: All installments, endowments to religions stopped. September 22: Year III beginnings. November 12: The Jacobin Club shut. November 24: Carrier set being investigated for his wrongdoings in Nantes. December - July 1795: The White Terror, a rough response against supporters and facilitators of the Terror. December 8: Surviving Girondins permitted once again into the Convention. December 16: Carrier, the butcher of Nantes, executed. December 24: The most extreme is rejected. Attack of Holland. Back to Index Page 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6

Evaluation of Website Outrigger Canoe Club Essay

Assessment of Website Outrigger Canoe Club - Essay Example Site's guests can find out about history of the club, area, administrations gave and, in the wake of finishing enrollment, get to the participation just territory. Valuable five-day nearby climate conjecture put on the first page is of extraordinary assistance for arranging a club visit and open air sport exercises. Detailed data on general administrations and cooking, club's long stretches of activity is given. In addition, the arrangements, for example clothing standard and no smoking and phones allowed regions, are plot; Unique old high contrast photographs just as depiction of Outrigger Duke Kahanamoku Foundation includes kind of recorded custom and makes sentiment of sports soul. The club, as referenced, had numerous superstar individuals, including renowned Duke Paoa Kahanamoku and other athletes. The Dining and Hours of Operation segments halfway recurrent one another. As an improvement this data can be left in Dining segment as it were. Moreover, Dining area can be joined with Catering; To my psyche, the best thing about the site is the pleasantly delineated story of the Outrigger Canoe Club. It begins with club establishers and land rent from Estate of Quinn Emma. The story tells about the club's endurance years between the fire in 1914 and remaking in 1941.

Book Riots Deals of the Day for April 29th, 2019

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Essay on Heart Failure - 3548 Words

Situation: Two patients in their 70s present to the office at different times today, each with documented heart failure: one diastolic and the other systolic, and both are hypertensive. First, discuss the difference between systolic and diastolic heart failure, providing appropriate pathophysiology. ACEI/ARBs are the only medications prescribed for CHF that have been found to prolong life and improve the quality of that life. EXPLAIN the mechanism of action of ACEI/ARBs and how they affect morbidity and mortality in CHF. Be specific. Diuretics must be used very carefully in diastolic ventricular dysfunction. EXPLAIN this statement using appropriate physiology. Now considering all of the above, describe an appropriate comprehensive plan of†¦show more content†¦The characteristic beginning signs of HF include inadequate tissue perfusion and signs of volume overload. Inadequate blood flow to tissues can be evident by fatigue, shortness of breath, and exercise intolerance. Volum e overload is evident by peripheral and pulmonary edema (fluid collection in the limbs and on the lungs) and venous distention (due to blood pooling in circulation from back flow in the heart) (Lehne, 2010). Systolic heart failure is characterized by enlarged ventricles that are unable to fully contract to pump enough blood into circulation to adequately perfuse tissues. The enlargement in ventricles is due to an increased end-systolic volume. If the heart is not able to sufficiently pump the expected volume of blood with each contraction, which in a normal healthy heart is 50-60%, there will be a residual volume left in the heart after every pump (Heart Healthy Women, 2012). With the next period of filling, the heart will receive the same amount of blood volume from the atria combined with that residual volume from the previous contraction. This causes the ventricles to have to dilate to accommodate this increase in volume. The dilation causes the walls of the ventricles to stretch and become thin and weak. Also the myocardium, the muscle layer of the heart, will stretch and not be able to adequately make a full and forceful enough contraction to push blood from the ventricles (Lehne, 2 010).Show MoreRelatedThe Heart Of Heart Failure1503 Words   |  7 PagesHeart failure is a chronic, progressive condition in which the heart muscle is unable to pump enough blood through to meet the body s needs for blood and oxygen. Basically, the heart can t keep up with its workload. American Heart Association Statistics (2016) reveals that heart failure accounts for 36% of cardiovascular disease deaths. Projections report a 46% increase in the prevalence of Heart Failure (HF) by 2030 by affecting over 8 million people above 18 years with the disease. Healthy PeopleRead MoreThe Failure Of Congestive Heart Failure1090 Words   |  5 PagesCongestive heart failure is a chronic condition that is responsible for the highest number of hospitalizations among adults. Readmission rates after hospitalization also remain high, with 50% of patients being readmitted within 6 months of discharge. (Desai Stevenson, 2012). The Affordable Care Act penalizes hospitals with readmissions with in 30 days after discharge, making readmissions a focus of hospitals nationwide. Several factors including discharge planning, patient education, diet restrictionsRead MoreFailure And Treatment Of Heart Failure2085 Words   |  9 PagesAbstract: Heart failure affects over 5 million people and carries a high rate of mortality. Ivabradine, a new agent has been added to the current medical options for managing heart failure. It is a selective inhibitor of sino-atrial node and slows its firing rate, prolonging diastolic depolarization without any negative inotropic effects. In 2006, BEAUTIFUL trial evaluated patients with stable coronary artery disease and heart failure and found a significant reduction of coronary events, coronaryRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure2705 Words   |  11 Pages As congestive heart failure continually increases among people worldwide it is a medical condition that is beginning to become more of a concern even for people at younger ages. It is typically a disease addressed by late age and elderly patients but many cases of earlier age have been shown. Because congestive heart failure has evolved when it comes to treatment, patients experience a remarkable difference on quality of life even over the last ten years. Although signs and symptoms remainRead MoreHeart Failures Of Heart Failure782 Words   |  4 Pages Heart failure describes a medical condition when the heart is unable to pump sufficient blood to the body [85]. While heart failure does not mean the immediate stopping of the heart, it is a serious and fatal condition. A study has found that the 4-year mortality rate for chronic heart failure was 43% for patients with preserved systolic function, and 54% for patients with reduced systolic function [86]. Heart failure is preval ent, with about 2-3% of adults worldwide showing signs of heart failureRead MoreHeart Failure ( Hf )1821 Words   |  8 Pages Considered a major health problem in the United States, heart failure (HF) is a syndrome involving insufficient pumping and/or filling of the heart (Lewis, Heitkemper, Dirkson, Bucher, 2014). As HF progresses, the heart cannot continue to meet the oxygen demands of the body’s tissues due to a decreased cardiac output. Acute HF and chronic HF have replaced the term congestive heart failure (CHF) since not all HF patients experience pulmonary congestion, but CHF is still commonly used in theRead MoreThe Failure Of Heart Failure999 Words   |  4 Pagesprocess is the heart, which by using the cardiovascular system supplies every other system throughout the body with the oxygen and nutrients by pumping them throughout the blood. When the demand is not met or the supply is too great it can be considered heart failure. Understandably heart failure is a worrisome term. To think one of your most vital organs is failing and unable to provide what is needed for basic survival is terrifying. However; there are many stages of heart failure that can rangeRead MoreFailure Of Congestive Heart Failure1262 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Almost every one in the United States knows a person suffering from congestive heart failure. This disease has manifested its way into the lives of so many—the statistics are astounding. According to the National Heart, Lung and Blood Institute, nearly 5 million people are affected and it is the main reason for hospital admission in older adults over the age of 65. This is a great cause for concern. In order to reduce the morbidity and control this epidemic, we must first understandRead MoreHeart Failure And The Elderly Population1608 Words   |  7 PagesHeart failure is more commonly diagnosed in the elderly population. There are ways to help manage heart failure like lifestyle modifications and use of pharmacology, and assessment for surgical intervention. Treatment of heart failure requires intensive medical, dietary, behavioral, and lifestyle modification to achieve improved quality of life, fewer hospitalizations, and decreased mortality (Singh, H., McGregor, Nigro, Higginson, and Larsen, 2014). Heart failure is a complex condition thatRead MoreClinical Indicators For Heart Failure1434 Words   |  6 PagesIndicators for Heart Failure Heart disease is the leading cause of death in the United States and the estimated cost of treatment is $32 billion yearly. Approximately 5 million people living in the United States suffer from congestive heart failure (CHF) and half of those diagnosed will die within 5 years. The quality and length of life for someone suffering from heart failure can be improved with early diagnosis, medication, physical activity, and diet modification (CDC, 2013). Congestive heart failure

Benefits of Vaccines Essay - 2011 Words

The controversy concerning vaccination for children has been a debate for many parents. A vaccine is defined as a biological agent used to prevent very serious illnesses and diseases, such as smallpox, measles, influenza, tuberculosis, and hepatitis by injecting a weakened infectious organism into the human body. When vaccines are given, the human body produces antibodies against the foreign substance, thus creating a defense mechanism for immunity to occur. Parenting decisions based on vaccinations are a sensitive matter in a child’s life. Many parents favor vaccines because they care about their children’s health during the first years of their lives. There are parents who fully trust and admire doctors for their efforts in contributing†¦show more content†¦All health care interventions, however, carry the possibility of risk and vaccines are no exception† (Clayton 12). There is no guarantee that vaccines do not cause risks, but scientific studies revea l that serious problems rarely happen. According to the Center for Disease Control and Prevention website, â€Å"Any vaccine can cause side effects. For the most part these are minor . . . sore arm or low-grade fever and go away within a few days.† Vaccines cause mild and temporary side effects, such as redness, fever, or swelling at the site where the shot was given (â€Å"Frequently Asked Questions About Immunizations†). An article called, The Truth About Gardasil talks about girls receiving the Gardasil shot and their adverse effects. These effects included nausea, vomiting, redness, swelling, and more. The Center for Disease Control and Prevention shows the probability of being about a one in four people to develop these symptoms. Therefore, these girls were most likely part of the minority group to acquire these reactions. Since vaccines have to be taken numerous times in a year, parents oppose vaccines because of the costs. They are expensive depending on the amo unt of doses, as well as the cost of a doctor’s visit. For example, theShow MoreRelatedThe Benefits Of Vaccines1744 Words   |  7 Pagesdelay their childs vaccines or forgo them all together. Even though vaccination has proven to be effective in preventing serious effects from illnesses, controversy remains over whether the risk of side effects from the immunizations outweigh the danger of contracting the disease. Although the downside from vaccines contain harmful materials and the possibility of unpleasant reactions, vaccines have countless advantages to ensure the health of the children and community. Vaccines have many advantagesRead MoreBenefits Of Mandatory Vaccines905 Words   |  4 PagesMandatory vaccines have been a subject of debate for years. They are easily the most controversial subject in the medical field. Vaccines protect us from diseases, however, with many accusations surrounding vaccinations, such as they give children autism or they can cause febrile seizures many parents question whether they are worth the risk. Mandatory vaccines have benefits and risks because of the impacts they have on your health. The seemingly greatest benefit of mandatory vaccines is that youRead MoreRisks Outweigh The Benefits Of Vaccines1552 Words   |  7 PagesRisks outweigh the benefits The side effects of vaccines are detrimental. Many parents are aware that vaccinations prevent disease and vaccinating their child aides in herd immunity. However, some may determine that the possible risks of vaccinations overshadow the benefits. The main concerns parents have are about the reactions to vaccinations. There is credible evidence that some vaccines may cause adverse events (Maglione, Das, Raaen, Smith, Chari, Newberry, Shanman, Perry, Bidwell GidengilRead MoreEssay about Weighing the Benefits of the Gardasil Vaccine1013 Words   |  5 PagesMany parents would take interest in a vaccine that promises protection against the second most common form of cancer found in women each year. Especially when 11,000 women will become diagnosed with cervical cancer each year, and 3,700 of those women will die as a result. Gardasil is a vaccine given in a series of three shots to girls ranging from nine to 26 years of age. Those three shots offer protection against four different strains of the human papilloma virus, which causes cervical cancer.Read MoreBenefits And Life Saving Properties That Vaccines Have For Children And Their Future1620 Words   |  7 Pagesspeculation that vaccines cause life-altering conditions such as Autism, or even something as serious as SIDS, or sudden infant death syndrome. Although this debate has been on going for quite some time now; many of what these parents do not understand is that correlation does not cause causation. A child may have Autism and had been vaccinated and naturally that parent wants to blame something on the reason their child has this disorder so of course they would want to blame the vaccines for this. HoweverRead MoreAnti Vaccine Movement Is Making Strong Waves Upon Society1411 Words   |  6 Pagesfatalities. In 1963 the measles virus vaccine was licensed in the United States (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention). Today, the notoriously rampant measles virus is almost unheard of. Measles is one of many diseases that have been prevented, or eradicated by the use of vaccines. Today many of America’s most infamous diseases such as Measles, Hepatitis A, Mumps, and Pertussis have seen a greater than 85% decrease in reported contraction s since the pre-vaccine era, and the Smallpox virus has beenRead MoreThe Importance Of Vaccines1035 Words   |  5 Pagesbetter than it was just 2 centuries ago thanks to vaccines. Currently there is a debate between people for vaccination and people who are not, called â€Å"Anti-Vaxxers†. Some feel the need to oppose vaccines because they think the ingredients are too risky, and its their choice regardless. Others feel that vaccines are beneficial because the positive effects it has on safety of our society. Vaccines should be required for everyone because the benefits outweigh the risks. First, one may argue that theRead MoreVaccines Should Be Mandatory For Children1371 Words   |  6 Pagessmall act (Vaccines). 322 Million cases of illnesses were prevented, because of a decision made by parents of small children. According to a United Nations Foundation partner organization, vaccines protect 2.5 million children from preventable diseases every year (Vaccines). Large numbers of people don’t know how preventable children’s illnesses and deaths really are. By using vaccines, children have a much smaller risk of getting sick or even potentially dying. The benefits of vaccines clearly outweighRead MoreShould Vaccines Be Mandatory For All Children?1308 Words   |  6 Pagesone small act (Vaccines). 322 Million cases of illnesses were prevented because of a decision made by children’s guardians. According to a United Nations foundation partner organization, vaccines protect 2.5 million children from preventable diseases every year (Vaccines). Large numbers of people don’t know how preventable children’s illnesses and deaths really are. By using vaccines, children have a much smaller risk of getting sick or even potentially dying. The benefits of vaccines clearly outweighRead MoreBenefits And Risks Of Recommended Child Immunizations Essay1461 Words   |  6 Pagesexplores the benefits and risks of recommended child immunizations. The potential risks involve health outcomes but not limited to asthma, learning disorders, seizures, and autism. Even with extensive research, there has been question on whether enough resEarch has gone into addressing the long term outcomes and the entire immunization schedule. Engaging parents in the stages of development is crucial to address any concerns about the childhood vaccines. The process of development of these vaccines have

Slavery in America Free Essays

One of the biggest conditions that separate the Southern Colonies from the New England and Middle colonies, is that they used to have a lot of slavery. The first African-American slaves were brought into Virginia, at about 10 slaves per year. But, when the Virginians really needed slavery, they made it legal. We will write a custom essay sample on Slavery in America or any similar topic only for you Order Now By the 1680s, they were being shipped in legions and being received at about 6,000 slaves per year. In fact, each slave had a different value, based on their strengths. Or example, a young, strong, healthy man would have a higher value than an older, weaker man. Even though colonists paid more money for better slaves, they earned it back in revenue. Many of the slaves worked for owners of agrarian businesses because the Southern Colonies had a farm economy. Some of the cash crops included rice, indigo, tobacco, sugarcane, and cotton. The soil in the South was perfect for farming and they had a longer growing season than in any other region. The Middle colonies were also a great place for farming, and they were called the â€Å"breadbasket.† The colonies had an overall warm climate with hot summers and light winters. Their geography in the western regions was mountainous, while they also had hilly, coastal plains. The planters of the Tidewater region had the best land and power, considering that they formed an oligarchy; but, the yeoman farmers’ outspoken independence was a constant warning to them. From 1770 to 1780, the southern colonies had an average population of 1,142,057. The majority of the population were Anglican, seeing that most of the original settlers from the Maryland colony were Catholic. Their economy wasn’t as diverse as the Middle colonies; but, they did have ethnic groups who were English, African and Native American. Do you know where the settlers lived when they couldn’t afford to live the plantation lifestyle? Well, they ended up moving further inland but it was very dangerous because of the wildlife and Native Americans. To keep themselves protected, they had to build forts. You now know all about the three regions that made up the Thirteen Colonies, which included the New England, Middle and Southern colonies. You’ve also learned about each region’s economy, population, government, political life, climate, geography, and religion. I got my evidence from the Mcgraw Hill Education book titled, Discovering Our Past: A History of the United States, Early Years – Florida Edition 2018. If you ever get stopped on the street and are asked a question about the Thirteen colonies, you’ll be able to give them a marvelous answer! How to cite Slavery in America, Papers

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Nuh-poh-lee-uhn} Essay Napoleon I, known as Napoleon Bonaparte before he became emperor, was probably the most brilliant military figure in history. Rising to command of the French Revolutionary armies, he seized political power as first consul in 1799 and proclaimed himself emperor in 1804. By repeated victories over various European coalitions, he extended French rule over much of Europe. He was finally defeated in 1814-15. Early LifeNapoleon was born on Aug. 15, 1769, to Carlo and Letizia Buonaparte (see BONAPARTE family) at Ajaccio, Corsica. His father secured a scholarship for him to attend French military school at Brienne (1779-84). Ostracized as a foreigner, he devoted himself entirely to his studies and graduated 42d in his class of 58. He then spent a year at the Military Academy in Paris before he was commissioned (1785) a second lieutenant in artillery. Assigned to the Valence garrison, he spent more than half of the next 7 years on furlough in Corsica, often without authorization. He came into conflict with the Corsican nationalist Pasquale PAOLI, and his family was forced to flee to Marseille in 1793. Bonaparte had welcomed the beginning of the FRENCH REVOLUTION in 1789, and in September 1793 he assumed command of an artillery brigade at the siege of Toulon, where royalist leaders had welcomed a British fleet and enemy troops. The British were driven out (Dec. 17, 1793), and Bonaparte was rewarded with promotion to general of brigade and assigned to the French army in Italy in February 1794. After the overthrow of the revolutionary leader Maximilien ROBESPIERRE in July 1794, Bonaparte was briefly imprisoned because he was identified with Robespierres faction. Released in September, he was assigned to fight a rebellion in the Vendee. He refused to go, however, working instead in the topographic section of the army, and eventually his name was stricken (Sept. 15, 1795) from the list of general officers. On Oct. 5, 1795 (13 Vendemiaire under the Revolutionary calendar), a revolt broke out in Paris, protesting the means of implementing the new constitution introduced by the National Convention. Paul BARRAS, who had been given full military powers, ordered Bonaparte to defend the convention, and aided by Joachim MURATs cannons, he routed the insurrectionists within four months. Bonaparte was rewarded by the new government, the DIRECTORY, with appointment (March 1796) as commander of the Army of the Interior. Before taking up that post he married (March 9) JOSEPHINE de Beauharnais, the 33-year-old widow of a republican general and erstwhile lover of a series of men, including Barras. Italian and Egyptian CampaignsLate in March 1796, Bonaparte began a series of operations to divide and defeat the Austrian and Sardinian armies in Italy. He defeated (April 21) the Sardinians at Mondovi (April 21), forcing them to conclude a separate peace by which Savoy and Nice were ceded to France. Then, in a series of brilliant maneuvers and battles, he won Lombardy fro m the Austrians. Mantua, the last Lombard stronghold, fell in February 1797 after a prolonged siege; Bonaparte had defeated four attempts to relieve the siege. As he crossed the Alps to advance on Vienna, the Austrians sued for an armistice, which was concluded at Leoben on Apr. 18, 1797. Bonaparte then personally negotiated the Treaty of CAMPO FORMIO (Oct. 17, 1797), ending the war of the First Coalition, the first phase of the FRENCH REVOLUTIONARY WARS. In addition to attending to his military operations in Italy, Bonaparte engaged in political affairs. He reorganized northern Italy to create (1797) the Cisalpine Republic and negotiated treaties with various Italian rulers. He also purloined invaluable Italian works of art and vast quantities of money, which were sent to Paris to enhance French museums and to bolster French finances. On his return to Paris, the Directory proposed that Bonaparte invade England. Instead he urged the occupation of Egypt in order to threaten British I ndia. On May 19, 1798, he sailed with an army of more than 35,000 troops on 350 vessels for Alexandria, Egypt. After seizing Malta en route, he reached Egypt on July 1, after evading the fleet of the British admiral Horatio NELSON. There he occupied Alexandria and Cairo, guaranteed Islamic law, and began to reorganize the government. On August 1, however, Nelson attacked and annihilated the French fleet at Abukir Bay. Thus cut off from France, Bonaparte continued his administrative reorganization and helped create the Institute of Egypt, a scholarly institution that began the methodical study of ancient Egypt. This study resulted in the publication of the monumental 18-volume Description dEgypte (1808-25). In February 1799, Bonaparte learned of the Ottoman Empires declaration of war against France. To forestall a Turkish attack on Egypt he invaded Syria but was halted at Acre by Turkish troops under British command. Suffering from the plague, the French army returned to Cairo in Jun e. In the meantime French forces in Europe were being defeated by the armies of the Second Coalition, and Bonaparte resolved to return to France. He sailed on Aug. 24, 1799. First ConsulOn Bonapartes arrival in Paris on October 14, he joined Emmanuel SIEYES in a conspiracy to overthrow the Directory. On November 9 (18 Brumaire), Bonaparte was appointed commander of the Paris garrison, the legislative assemblies were moved from Paris to Saint Cloud, and the five Directory members resigned. The following day Bonaparte, aided by his brother Lucien, used troops to disperse the assemblies and accepted appointment as one of three consuls, with Sieyes and Pierre Roger Ducos. Despite Sieyess plans to dominate the CONSULATE, Bonaparte gained the position of first consul. He appointed the members of the council of state, government officials, and judges of the courts, but he had little control over the Legislative Corps. The Consulate guaranteed law and order and maintained the political and social accomplishments of the revolution. Behind a democratic facade, however, Bonaparte concentrated power in his own hands. During the rule of the Consulate more formidable legislation was completed than in any other comparable period in French history. Order and regularity were established in every branch of the government. Bonaparte centralized local government, appointing the prefects and mayors and their councils; he pacified the rebellious regions of France and reconciled the royalists; he actively participated in drawing up the NAPOLEONIC CODE, a complete codification of the civil law; he initiated (1801) the CONCORDAT with Pope PIUS VII, which reestablished Roman Catholicism in France; and he created (1802) the order of the Legion of Honor to reward civil and military merit. Bonaparte also consolidated the national debt, restored the value of French bonds, balanced the budget, established the Bank of France, and centralized equitable tax collection. He created the Society f or the Encouragement of National Industry and undertook vast public works projects. By creating the Universite de France, in effect a state licensing body for teachers, he brought the entire system of higher education under centralized state control. His concern with cultural grandeur was also reflected in the enlargement of the LOUVRE, the transformation of the Hotel Soubise into the Archives Nationales, and the construction of neoclassical buildings around Paris. These internal achievements were balanced by the restoration of French supremacy abroad. In June 1800, Bonaparte defeated the Austrians at Marengo, Italy. Peace with Austria was concluded in the Treaty of Luneville (Feb. 9, 1801), and a year later the Treaty of Amiens (Mar. 27, 1802; see AMIENS, TREATY OF) ended war with Britain. In acknowledgment of his achievements, Bonaparte was recognized by plebiscite as consul for life on Aug. 2, 1802. With peace restored, Bonaparte extended French influence into Holland (the Batavi an Republic), Switzerland (the Helvetic Republic), and Savoy-Piedmont, which was annexed to France; he played the major role in the Imperial Recess (1803), by which the free cities and minor states of the HOLY ROMAN EMPIRE were consolidated; and he attempted to extend the French colonial empire, principally by recovering Haiti (see LOUISIANA PURCHASE). As a result of these policies and his refusal to grant trade concessions to Britain, war was renewed in 1803. Bonaparte organized an army of 170,000 to invade Britain, but his complex strategy to draw the British fleets away from Britain failed. Meanwhile, Austria also prepared to resume war, forcing Bonaparte to abandon his invasion plans. Any hope of a future invasion was ended when the British admiral Nelson destroyed most of the Franco-Spanish fleet in the Battle of TRAFALGAR on Oct. 21, 1805. EmperorIn February 1804 a British-financed plot to assassinate Bonaparte was uncovered by the former police minister Joseph FOUCHE (who rec overed his job as a result of this discovery). Of the leading conspirators, Jean Charles PICHEGRU died in prison, Jean Victor MOREAU fled the country, and Georges Cadoudal was executed. Another victim was the duc dEnghien, a Bourban-Conde prince who was kidnapped from the German state of Baden and executed in France. In the wake of these events, which revived royalist hostility, the Senate petitioned Bonaparte to establish a hereditary dynasty. On Dec. 2, 1804, therefore, Napoleon crowned himself emperor in a ceremony presided over by Pope Pius VII. Napoleon created a titled court that included many of his statesmen and generals as well as ex-royalists. Believing that family ties were more durable than treaties, in the next few years he placed members of his family on the thrones of several satellite statesNaples, Holland, Westphalia, and Spainand married his relatives to some of the most distinguished families in Europe. Dynastic considerations also caused Bonaparte to divorce Jose phine in 1809 because she had borne him no male heir. He then married (Apr. 2, 1810) Marie Louise, daughter of Austrian Emperor Francis I; within a year a son, the king of Rome, was born. In 1805, Britain organized the Third Coalition against France, but Napoleons new Grand Army swept through Germany into Austria destroying both Austrian and Russian armies at Ulm and AUSTERLITZ. Austria signed (Dec. 26, 1805) the Treaty of Pressburg, by which Venice and Dalmatia were annexed to Napoleons Kingdom of Italy, and in 1806, Napoleon organized the Confederation of the Rhine, a grouping of German states under French protection. Soon after, the Holy Roman Empire was formally dissolved. Prussia helped organize the Fourth Coalition against Napoleon late in 1806, but its forces were destroyed by Napoleon in the Battle of Jena-Auerstadt (October 1806). After defeating the Russians at Eylau (Feb. 8, 1807) and Friedland (June 14, 1807), Napoleon forced the allies to sign (July 7-9, 1807) the Treat ies of TILSIT, which resulted in the creation of the Grand Duchy of Warsaw and the Kingdom of Westphalia. Dominant in Europe, Napoleon was obsessed with Britains defiance and role as the commercial paymaster of Europe. To subdue Britain, Napoleon committed his most serious blunders. He imposed (1806) the CONTINENTAL SYSTEM, a blockade of British trade, on Europe to undermine the British economy. The refusal of Portugal to observe the blockade led to French intervention in Iberia and embroilment in the Peninsular War (see NAPOLEONIC WARS). While the Peninsular War raged, Austria mobilized and began the War of the Fifth Coalition. A series of hard-fought battles culminated in final French victory (July 5-6, 1809) at Wagram, and Austria lost Illyria and Galicia by the Treaty of Schonbrunn (Oct. 14, 1809). Although French control in Iberia was eroding by 1812, Napoleon invaded Russia on June 23-24 of that year. One major reason for the attack was the Russian refusal to accept the Contin ental System. The Russian armies withdrew, drawing Napoleon deep into Russia. Napoleon defeated them at Borodino on Sept. 7, 1812, and a week later reached Moscow. There he waited in vain for Emperor ALEXANDER Is surrender, while Russian arsonists set the city on fire. With reinforced Russian armies attacking his outlying positions and signs of winters approach, Napoleon ordered a retreat in October. Despite the deprivations suffered by his troops, the miserable weather, and the pursuing Russian army, Napoleon held the nucleus of his army together and managed to escape Russian encirclement. After crossing the Berezina River he left his ravaged army and hurried back to Paris on learning of an abortive coup in Paris by the demented general Claude Malet. After Napoleons Russian debacle the Prussians deserted their alliance with the French, and in 1813 the Sixth Coalition was formed among Prussia, Russia, Britain, and Sweden (ruled by the erstwhile Napoleonic general Bernadotte, later t o be King CHARLES XIV JOHN). Napoleon soon formed a new army and defeated the allies at Lutzen (May 2) and Bautzen (May 20-21). After a short armistice, hostilities again began in August, when Austria joined the coalition. Although Napoleon was victorious (August 26-27) at Dresden, the French were outnumbered two to one and defeated in the so-called Battle of Nations at Leipzig on October 16-19. Withdrawing across the Rhine, Napoleon refused to surrender any conquered territory, convinced that such a concession would cost him his crown in France. In 1814, France was invaded, and Napoleon again demonstrated his military genius by defeating each enemy army as it advanced on Paris. Hopelessly outnumbered he attempted to negotiate, but the allies continued to advance and took Paris on March 31. The Hundred DaysOn April 6, Napoleon abdicated in favor of his son. When the allies refused to accept this, he made his abdication unconditional on April 11. He then was exiled to the island of E LBA, where he was given sovereign power and introduced administrative, economic, and political reforms. Aware of Frances dissatisfaction over the restoration rule of the Bourbon dynasty, Napoleon decided to return to France in 1815. Landing at Cannes on March 1, he marched triumphantly through sympathetic areas of France and was greeted as the returning hero. King LOUIS XVIII fled abroad, and Napoleon occupied Paris on March 20, beginning the period called the Hundred Days. Although Napoleon proclaimed peaceful intentions, the allies, who were meeting in Vienna (see VIENNA, CONGRESS OF), immediately outlawed him and prepared for war. Before massive Russian and Austrian forces could reach France, Napoleon resolved to separate and defeat the Prussian and Anglo-Dutch armies in what is now Belgium. Despite several initial victories he was defeated by the duke of WELLINGTON and Gebhard von BLUCHER at Waterloo (see WATERLOO, BATTLE OF) on June 18, 1815. Napoleon returned to Paris, where h e abdicated for the second time on June 23. Fleeing to Aix, he surrendered to the captain of the British warship Bellerophon and was exiled to the island of SAINT HELENA. Living with his secretary and a few loyal friends, he dictated his memoirs, laying the foundation of the Napoleonic legend. He died on May 5, 1821. The Napoleonic legend was embellished by his followers in the succeeding decades of turbulent French politics. It facilitated the rise of Napoleons nephew, who eventually founded a Second Empire as Napoleon III in 1852. Allowing for the exaggerations of the legend, there remains no question that Napoleon I was a military genius. Although his ambition to dominate Europe cost France hundreds of thousands of lives, he left to that country many of the institutions that form its modern basis. His tomb in the Invalides in Paris is a national shrine. MacbethAnalysis of fear Essay